Science of The Total Environment
Volumes 622–623, 1 May 2018, Pages 214-221

Developmental and metabolic responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and 

larvae to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) exposure
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panelXiaoqianRenabHaijunZhangaNingboGengaLiguoXingcYuZhaocFeidiWangabJipingChe

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Highlights
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Effects of SCCPs on development and metabolism of zebrafish were evaluated.

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SCCPs were highly toxic to zebrafish larvae, with 13-day LC50 value of 34.4 

μg/L.

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Low-dose SCCPs slightly disturbed the overall metabolism in zebrafish embryos.

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SCCPs mainly disturbed metabolisms of glycerophospholipids, fatty acids and 

purine.

Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly toxic to aquatic 

organisms, but their toxicity is yet not well characterized. In this study, 

the developmental toxicity of SCCPs to zebrafish embryos/larvae was evaluated, 

and a metabolomics approach was adopted to explore the impact of SCCPs 

exposure on the metabolism in zebrafish embryos. Exposure to SCCPs at 

concentrations of 1–200 μg/L did not produce an observable effect on the 

hatching rate and morphological deformities of zebrafish embryos/larvae. 

However, the survival rate of zebrafish larvae in SCCPs exposure groups 

decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The 13-day 50% lethal 

concentration (LC50) value of SCCPs was calculated to be 34.4 μg/L. Exposure 

to SCCPs induced a significant change of overall metabolism, even at 

environmentally relevant concentrations (1–5 μg/L). The most relevant 

pathways affected by SCCPs exposure were glycerophospholipid metabolism, fatty 

acid metabolism and purine metabolism. Exposure to SCCPs at concentrations of 

1–5 μg/L had begun to accelerate the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids 

and very long chain fatty acids, and affect the transformation of guanine to 

xanthine in the pathway of purine metabolism. Furthermore, when the exposure 

concentrations of SCCPs were increased to 50–200 μg/L, the levels of 

phospholipids and amino acids were significantly raised; whereas the levels of 

fatty acids, carnitines and inosine were significantly decreased. In view of 

the significant effect on metabolism, the sub-chronic and chronic toxicity of 

SCCPs to fish should be concerned.

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Keywords
Short-chain chlorinated paraffinsZebrafish 

embryo/larvaeMetabolomicsDevelopmental toxicity
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